Theories of Defence Mechanisms and Psycho-Sexual Development

Theories of Defence Mechanisms and Psycho-Sexual Development Psychoanalysis A discussion on what’s inside Chung Dennis Psychoanalysis’s definition is the study of a comprehensive theory pertaining to the process of understanding human nature, motivation, behaviour, development and experience through the exploration of the unconscious thoughts of the human mind. It is governed by rules of understanding whereby each individual is unique at birth, there social media, and other external factors outside and not within the persons awareness or control (Unconscious thoughts, feelings and experiences) that influence his or her thoughts and actions, that what happened during the childhood and other early experiences echoes and affect the outcome of the individual during the adolescence and mature stage of life that ongoing experiences in a persons life are always engaged and ongoing in the process of development through their lives. (American Psychoanalytic Association 2009 2014) These are the 5 key concept of psychoanalysis that I am focusing on. First, there is the concept of personality construction regarding the 3 basic ideas of the ID, Ego and Super Ego as according to Sigmund Freud. The id is the component of a personality that is already there from birth. The aspect of personality is unconscious and includes the instinct and primitive behaviours. According to Cherry, K. (2014.), the id is a psychic energy that makes it the primary component of personality. This personality that drives the individual is instinctive and it is by Sexual and Aggression energy. The ego is a component of personality that is guilty for dealing with what is the reality. According to Cherry, K. (2014), the ego develops from the ID and ensures impulses of the id personality can be expressed possible and acceptable manner in society. This personality is shaped by the influences or the outside word by the means of society, trends and also social media. (Cherry, K. 2014.) In accordance in her book, Cherry, K. (2014) states that the Super EGO personality is broken down into two parts, the two parts that affect the outcome of the superego in the individual is firstly, The EGO idea, where it sets the rules and standards for good behaviours through the upbringing and social circles that the individual is in. These behaviours include those which are approved and set by the parents and other higher authority or social figures. And by so following the rules set by them it give the person feelings of value and accomplishment. The part of the conscience come into play whereby it includes information about things that are viewed as unaccepted in terms of the magnitude portrayed by the parents and by society. These behaviours and actions will then be followed on by bad consequences, punishments or guilt and remorse. The Second key concept is the presence of Defence Mechanism, Defence mechanisms are manners and methods in which we behave, think and react in certain ways to better protect and to distance one selves from a being fully awareness of unpleasant thoughts, feelings, actions, morals or behaviours. (Grohol, J. M. (2013)) In Grohol, J. M. (2013) article, he states that psychologists have categorized defences mechanisms depending on how primitive they are. The more instinctual they are the more effective they are against in the context of short-term denials, and hence are favoured by many people and amongst children especially. The few defence mechanisms are; Firstly denial, the refusing to accept the facts or reality. Therefore by so doing, arguing an anxiety and by provoking stimuli and in its reaction, stating it does not exist then thus blocking it out. (Heffner C.L. (2001)) Secondly, repression. It is a mental reaction state that returns the individual to a previous stage of development. Reactions varies from crying in a corner when being sad to throwing a temper when thing are not going their way. The third defence mechanism is intellectualization, it supplies a logical and or rational reason as in relations to the actual conscious reason, therefore, theories and logic are given for a clinical explanation to the situation of behaviour instead of reality The forth defence mechanism is projection, it is an extrovert reaction by throwing† the bad emotions (anger, frustration, sadness) unto another person feeling the opposite, by so doing, making themselves feel better than the affected individual. The last but not least defence mechanism is sublimation. It is the transferring the anxiety of the situation into a more positive energy and therefore coping with the problem better. For example as given by Heffner C.L. (2001) diverting ones aggressive impulses toward a career as a boxer, becoming a surgeon because of your desire to cut or by lifting weights to release aggressive energy We then move on to one of Freud’s theories which are the psycho-sexual development of an individual. It describes how personality develops during childhood. However, these are still a controversial theory. It revolves around the ID becoming very much focus on the specific erogenous areas. The psychosexual energy, also known as the libido, is the driving force behind behaviour in every individual. It revolves around these 5 stages: The Oral stage that revolves at the time of birth, it revolves around the mouth of the baby; fixation or restrictions in oral might result in having a passive, gullible, immature,manipulativepersonality. (Sim, M. 1974) The Anal stage revolves around the bowels and bladder eliminating of waste from the body. Being fixated at this stage might lead to being Anal Retentive (Being too organized) or Anal Expulsive (Being too unorganized or reckless) The Phallic stage starts at the age of six; the individual starts to discover the genitals of his or her body. Then after which he or she will compare it to their mother or father, whichever gender that poses a threat or competition. For example, the son is being jealous of the father for the right of the mother and the daughter being jealous of the mother for the right of the father. The Latent stage happens from age 6 to the stage of puberty. It is the consolidation of the entire lesson learnt and habits picked up from the previous three stages where the child would then develop his or her own thinking and therefore start consolidating it into his own EGO and thus creating his or her own drive with the influences of the ID. The last stage also known as the Genital stage, stretches across the spam of the entire life of the child as he or she breaks his bond and becomes independent from the parents both psychologically and sexually. The child then squares off with the ID and EGO to come out with a more intellectual side of his thinking process, to relate through friendship, love relationship. Psychoanalysis also emphasises on the role of the unconscious or according the Corey. G. (2012) a slip of the tongue is also known as the Freudian Slip is a lapse of the mind where by the unconscious is somehow surfaced without the person actually realising the meaning of it but to the therapist, he can interpret it as something hidden and known to the mind. It is influenced by a number of disciplines, including psychology, sociology, anthropology, literature, and art. (Cherry, K. 2014.) According to Cherry, K. (2014) Freud divided it to three levels of mind in comparison to an ice burg. The top or the surface portion of the iceberg above water represents the conscious mind. The halves submerge part of the iceberg that is the bridge between the unconscious is also known as the preconscious, it is known to house the anxieties and defence mechanisms as the guardians of the bridge. The rest of the submerged part of the iceberg is hidden, unseen beneath and is known as unconscious, only by going through or in the absence of the ‘Guardians’ also known as the defence mechanisms and anxiety, only then will the unconscious can surface and be tapped into . The last factor is in relations to the childhood development is stating and supporting the theory that whatever happens during the psycho-sexual stage of the child’s development. It states that the fixations of the child when they are young will echo and cause them to construct habits of their own uniqueness according to what they were fixated with. Psychoanalysis in modern therapy revolves around the practice of free association and the skill of the therapist on how he deciphers and organise by working on and the interpretation of dreams and fantasies. This therapy is also costly and requires a lot of time as the deriving of the unconscious cannot be done at one go. The therapist must also try to identify the resistance and the defence mechanism in the client in order to allow the unconscious to be conscious and by so doing making him feel safe with no anxieties or criticism that will trigger him back into the state of psychological self-defence. For example in Newirth, J. (2013) book, he is using psychoanalysis in in the means of developmental hermeneutic approach. That is one way that modern practitioners are inculcating psychoanalytic therapy into their own way of therapy. Advantages of psychoanalysis are that through its therapy and analysis whereby through the unconscious opens up a window to get to the root of the problem. It helps control and constructs the ID, EGO and Super EGO of the individual. Through the construction of the individual’s personalities, it allow the change of feeling and also the change of the person’s behaviour and mentality towards all things around him as he is more in control of his ID, EGO and Super EGO However, there are disadvantages of this therapy as it requires a long time to treat the fellow individual and as it requires many sessions in order to understand and analysis the unconscious thoughts of the individual. Thus, having more session which requires more money per visit. It also states that there aren’t much therapist trained in the field of classical psychoanalysis as it takes loads of experience in the field in order to be good as a therapist in interpreting the unconscious thoughts of a person. Though analysing the unconscious and memories of others, it also contradicts to the memories as the person cannot recall till his childhood and in return tell fake memories to fit the bill. Last but not least, in this modern age where personal information is of a high privacy to us, tell someone that we do not know of, our memories, problems and the unconscious who make some of us very uncomfortable and more likely to not do the actions that make us reveal or private infor mation and that could hurdle the psychoanalysis therapist. In conclusion, psychoanalysis therapy is a foundation for all psychotherapy as it lays a firm and concrete concept in the evolution of identifying the roots and the analysis of the mind and personalities that an individual has. It also lays down the rules that every individual is unique and every problem can and must tackle and resolved differently.

Cognitive Competence

Tomorrow’s Leader Term paper Topic: Cognitive Competence Wai (Synergy) Content Part 1 1. Definition cognitive competenceP. 3-4 2. Theory of cognitive competenceP. 5-8 3. Factors affecting cognitive competenceP. 9-10 4. Importance of cognitive competence in leadershipP. 11-12 5. Ways to enhance the level of cognitive competenceP. 13-14 Part 2 Self evaluationP. 15-17 Part 3 ReferenceP. 18-19 Part 1 Definition of cognitive competence 1. Cognitive competence is defined as the ability to perform adequately those cognitively complex tasks considered essential for living on one's own in this society. Willis SL. (1996). Everyday cognitive competence in elderly persons: conceptual issues and empirical findings, Oct;36(5):595-601) 2. The ability to develop and apply the cognitive skills of self-talk, the reading and interpretation of social cues, using steps for problem-solving and decision making, understanding the perspective of others, understanding behavioral norms, a positive attit ude towards life, and self –awareness. (The W. T. Grant Consortium on the School-Based Promotion of Social Competence (1992: 136)) 3. Academic and intellectual achievement. include the ability to use logic, analytic thinking, and abstract reasoning) (Catalano, R. F. , Berglund, M. L. , Ryan, J. A. M. , Lonczak, H. S. , ; Hawkins, J. D. (2002). Positive youth development in the United States: Research findings on evaluations of positive youth development programs. Prevention and Treatment, 5 (15), 1-106. ) This three definitions are little bit different. The third one is too narrow as it just mentioned academic and intellectual achievement. The second one, on the other hand, is not specific enough. In my understanding, I think cognitive competence is best defined using the first two definitions. Cognitive competence is defined as the ability to perform adequately those cognitively complex tasks considered essential for living on one's own in this society. It also includes unde rstanding the perspective of others, understanding behavioral norms, and self –awareness. † Theory Hui & Sun’s model (2007) This model divides cognitive competence into three types of thinking: 1. Creative thinking, a way of looking at problems or situations from a fresh perspective that suggests unorthodox solutions (which may look unsettling at first). 2. Critical thinking, which includes reasoning, making references, self-reflection, and coordination of multiple views. Critical thinking has been described as â€Å"the process of purposeful, self-regulatory judgment, which uses reasoned consideration to evidence, context, conceptualizations, methods, and criteria. † (Facione, Peter A. Critical Thinking: What It is and Why It Counts, Insightassessment. com) 3. Rational thinking refers to logical or reasoning being involved in the thought process. It refers to providing reasons or rational behind thoughts or ideas. It adds an element of calculation and planning to a steam of thoughts rather than basing them on emotion or personal opinion. It is a kind of objective process of thinking and an analytic approach to any problem. Rational thinking is based on reasons or facts and is hence much more calculating and realistic. Geiwitz’s model This model divides cognitive competence into three steps of thinking: 1. Know what, to know what is the problem 2. Know how, to know how the problem can be solved 3. Know why, to know why choose particular method to solve the problem, or to evaluate the method currently used. What How Why In Hui and Sun’s model, creative thinking is the innovative way of thinking. It allows people to invent new things or idea. Critical thinking is used when commenting on something, e. g. in writing editorials. As for rational thinking, it is used when analyzing. In my opinion, the second model is easier to understand. And it shows progressive levels of cognitive competence, whereas the first model only divides our thinking into three different ways. Therefore, I would further explain cognitive competence using the second model for reference. Take the example of inventors of the world’s first airplane – the Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur. This is an good example to illustrate the concept of cognitive competence and the Geiwitz’s model. Applying the Geiwitz’s model, the Wright brothers’ aim was to create a â€Å"flying machine†, this is the â€Å"know what† level of cognitive competence. They then started to think and design this machine, and this is the â€Å"know how† level of cognitive competence. Finally they evaluated the products (what’s good and not good about it) and thought how to improve further. The â€Å"know how† and â€Å"know why† steps repeated. And finally an mature airplane was invented. Start Know what: to invent a flying machine Know how: How to built a better flying machine Know why: Why this model is good/not good enough Repeat A satisfatory model is invented Another example to illustrate is the development in high jump styles. The styles used in high-jumping has changed from initially scissors style, to straddle style, and finally the Fosbury style which is still using nowadays. Start Know what: to jump high Know how: What jumping style Know why: Why this style is good/not good enough Repeat A satisfatory syle is invented Factors affecting cognitive competence I think the factors affecting the development of one’s cognitive competence can be divided into intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors are those confine to yourself, while extrinsic factors are those influenced by the environment. For intrinsic factors, I think there are: intelligence, personalities, knowledge and past experience. For intelligent, I think it is not difficult to imagine that it is important for high cognitive competence. Intelligence is particularly important for the â€Å"know how† and â€Å"know why† stage. Only if you are wise enough can you think of a new way to solve problem that no one has ever think of or find out what is the problem of existing method being used by other people. Moreover, intelligence is kind of inborn; therefore, cognitive competence is also inborn to a certain extent. As for personality, I think people with different personality may affect his/her performance in problem solving and the presentation of his cognitive competence. For example, if a person lacks confidence and likes to deal with problem in a low risk aspect, he/she may not abandon the existing widely used method to tackle the problem and use new methods even though he is clever enough to think of many other new potential methods. They may only attempt the new ways when they are 100% more effective and safer than the existing ones. Knowledge and past experience are very similar. They both can be regarded as memory. They are very important factors that affect cognitive competence. When tackling problems, memory always acts as your â€Å"reference†, it gives you basic information and background about the problem. And help you to figure out the solution in relation to this â€Å"reference†. Like the case of the Wright brothers, when they tried to invent a flying machine, their knowledge in engineering gives them basic information of how to build it. It is interesting to notice that sometimes past experience may hinder our cognitive performance. For example, when you are dealing with a project you are very familiar with, you might too much into your experience and knowledge and think that it is impossible to explore new methods. For extrinsic factors, there are: Environment (e. g. family background, situation of the problem) and the nature of problem Environment is the major extrinsic factor affecting one’s cognitive competence. It determines many of intrinsic factors including past experience, knowledge and even personality. Environment can also affects ones attitude to deal with the problem, thus performance of cognitive competence. For example, the due date of your proposal is tomorrow morning and now is already three o’clock in the morning and you haven’t even started yet. I am sure you may feel desperate and will not spend much time to think of the new ideas. Moreover, family socialization also affects cognitive competence and intelligence of people. (Grundmann, M. ; Teo, Thomas; Socialization, intelligence, and cognitive competence (1997)) Another one is the nature of the problem. It determines one’s past experience and knowledge are useful or not. It is because the past experience and knowledge can not apply to all situation. Importance of cognitive competence in leadership Cognitive competence is important in leadership. A research points out that cognitive skills were found to be directly correlate with high-level of leadership performance in a MLE (Military Leadership Exercises) research. (Marshall-Mies et al. , 2000) Often included intelligence, general skills, crystallized skills (e. g. oral and written expression and comprehension), and creative or divergent thinking capacities are cognitive capabilities that should influence leadership performance. (Connelly, Gilbert, Zaccaro, Threlfall, Marks & Mumford, 2000). I also agree that cognitive competence is important in leadership. First of all, leader with higher level of cognitive competence can deal with different kinds of problems with his own way of thinking. That means they can find out his own most effective way to tackle the problem without copying others method. This gives the leader independency that he does not need to rely on others too much. It also gives them maturity that they can have their own way of thinking. Independency and maturity surely are the important factors of a leader. This makes people happy and feeling safe to follow you. Secondly, leader with high level of cognitive competence can have great contribution to the team. They can give out a lot of useful ideas that no one has thought of before. This already makes them the strongest ones or the most unique ones in the team. People would love to follow leaders which are stronger than them. Again, this makes them feel safe. Finally, leaders with high level of cognitive competence can have a clear mind and know what is wrong in the team. They know what the team should do (goal). And they evaluate the performance of the team, and find out what should be improved. That means they are not only using cognitive skills in problem solving, but also in team management. It is because â€Å"team management† itself is already a task. People with higher cognitive competence usually have higher IQ and are conflicts encountering (Heydenberk R. A. and Heydenberk W. R. , Increasing Meta-Cognitive Competence through Conflict Resolution(2005)) Ways to enhance the level of cognitive competence Before discussing how to enhance the level of cognitive competence, I think we should first identify what cannot be changed or be improved. They are called constrains. Through understanding what are the constrains, we can focus on what can and what should be improved. The constrains include family background, intelligence and personality. These factors are sort of fixed, or can only have little change. So, to raise the level of cognitive competence, I think it is effective that we try to learn as much as possible. This is to enhance our knowledge and enrich our experience. As mentioned, knowledge and past experience are two important factors affecting one’s cognitive ability. This is because they are our own sources of information about the problem being coped. We can make use of this information to find a way to solve the problem. We may not figure out any new method, at least we know how people deal with it previously. In Janet E, Et Al, The Role of metacognition in Problem Solving, four steps of thinking is also mentioned to guide people to solve problems. They are: 1. Identifying and defining the problem 2. Mentally representing the problem 3. Planning how to proceed 4. Evaluating what you know about your performance This way of thinking can help people to organized their thoughts, so that they can deal with the problem step by step. I think it is a quite useful way to improve cognitive performance because it makes people organized and focus on one job at a time. This prevents them from being interrupted from different sources. Furthermore, it helps people to think logically. Part 2 Self-reflection Hong Kong students are known to be a copycat. We are blamed to have low level of creativity and afraid to try new things. People always say that we just copy things from others or textbooks without digesting them. But I think it is not totally my case. I am not a stupid student. I used to be very creative in primary school. Others describe me as naughty. It is because all my creativity is used in inventing new ways to play tricks on my classmates. I remember one time I played a game in an activity class. My teacher ask my group to use a deck of playing cards to build a tower as high as we can. Then we started. Other groups are using the traditional method (see left). Obviously it requires high technique. Therefore they can only built towers with few floors high. But I figured out another method. I folded up two cards, turned them sideway to make two â€Å"L† shape walls, put them facing each other to make a square wall, on top of it I placed a flat card. And I repeated to do this. Of course, my team built the highest tower. But guess what happened next. My teacher told us that was against the rules. Playing cards are not supposed to be folded (She didn’t tell us before the game). We lose that competition at the end. I think, after this event, my creativity started to slowly bury in my heart deeply. When I recall this event, I discover one important thing. That is our creativity is often being restricted by our teachers, and our education system. Teachers set all the projects, homework with rules and restrictions, trying to make them easier to mark and compare. But this made our assignments all looking the same. Examination questions have all the model answers, this made our student the same person who can only memorize answers without digesting the questions and answer them in their own way. Not that I don’t have critical thinking and creativity. It is just because they have to be thrown away to survive in HK’s education system. Take the example of A-level exams, the curriculum is very tight that teachers even cannot have time to teach us all the topics included. How would I have time to individually explore all the topics taught? Instead, in order to get high grades in this exam, I spent most of the time on memorizing past paper’s model answers. I know it would not help my cognitive development, but getting into a good university is more important to me. I believe this is also the problem of many students. Now, when I am given a problem to solve, I still try my best to explore the alternatives. May be this is due to my personality. I just don’t like to be the same with others. I like to be unique. But I think I am not creative as I was small anymore. Apart from the reason about the restrictions set by teachers just discussed, another possible reason may be due to my own knowledge and experience. As I mentioned in part 1 of this report, knowledge and experience, although can help to solve your problem, they sometimes hinder your cognitive performance. Sometimes this happens to me. I just rely too much on the knowledge and experience, and cannot think out of the box. But the major reason is still because of the education system in HK. But in the university, a place to train student’s critical thinking and creativity, I think that this problem would become less severe. To improve my cognitive abilities, I think the best way is to train to have independent critical thinking. Don’t rely too much on knowledge from any sources and my own or others’ past experience. Always try my best to look for other possible alternatives. Although this might spend a lot more time and at the end there may not come up any new things. But I think the process can also help me to develop my cognitive skills. Although it might hinder my cognitive performance, I think it is still important to enrich my knowledge and broaden my horizon. This is because learning more can let me compare different theories and thus train my independent critical thinking. They are also my valuable first encountered source when any problem comes to me. Part 3 Reference Willis SL. (1996). Everyday cognitive competence in elderly persons: conceptual issues and empirical findings, Oct;36(5):595-601 The W. T. Grant Consortium on the School-Based Promotion of Social Competence (1992: 136) Catalano, R. F. , Berglund, M. L. , Ryan, J. A. M. , Lonczak, H. S. , & Hawkins, J. D. (2002). Positive youth development in the United States: Research findings on evaluations of positive youth development programs. Prevention and Treatment, 5 (15), 1-106. Grundmann, M. ; Teo, Thomas; Socialization, intelligence, and cognitive competence (1997) Marshall-Mies et al. , 2000 Connelly, Gilbert, Zaccaro, Threlfall, Marks & Mumford, 2000 Heydenberk R. A. and Heydenberk W. R. , Increasing Meta-Cognitive Competence through Conflict Resolution(2005)

The Importance Of Looking At The Sky - 1336 Words

For thousands of years now, people have been observing the sky and the universe. Most would assume that this did not happen until the Renaissance period, from the 14th to the 17th century, when in fact it started much earlier than that. We can thank many of the Greeks for this matter, such as Aristotle for an example. The main reasons for the use of looking at the sky was obvious in many cases, the two main reasons were for traveling and farming. It was essential for surviving to know the seasons for crops and to tell what kind of weather was to come before going places. One person who played a huge role in astronomy and science was Galileo Galilei. Galileo had paved the way for many modern day scientists and innovations. This man had devoted his entire life to his findings and to better educate the public. In the poem â€Å"The Old Astronomer to His Pupil,† it was said by Sarah Williams, â€Å"I have loved the stars too fondly to be fearful of the night,† and this perf ectly explains the relationship Galileo had with astronomy. With all the struggles that Galileo went through he could have stopped believing in what he did, yet he never did. His ideas were revolutionary in science and the world. Galileo Galilei was born on February 15th in the year 1564 in Pisa, Italy. This period of time was right in the middle of the Renaissance era. Galilei was the first born of six children to a famous musician and scholar by the name of Vincenzo Galilei and Giulia degli Ammannati. His familyShow MoreRelatedThe Starry Night Over The Rhone901 Words   |  4 Pageswater. A range of dark to medium blue hues is presented in the sky and in the river. The city street lights glimmer an intense yellow-orange and cast a pale yellow reflection across the water. Above in the sky, the stars sparkle a lighter yellow aura, enlightening the night sky. In contrast, Monet incorporates mostly cool, dull colors of various blues and greys in his painting, but also includes splashes of warm colors in the sun, sky, and the reflection of the sun in the water. Monet’s goal wasRead MoreAnalysis Of Van Gogh s Starry Night Sky1210 Words   |  5 PagesOne of Vincent Van Gogh’s most world renowned paintings is his landscape oil painting Starry Night. The painting displays a small town underneath an unusual yet still extremely beautiful night sky. In this night sky, Van Gogh utilizes an array of colors that blend well together in order to enhance the sky as a whole. The town is clearly a small one due to the amount of buildings that are present in the painting itself. In this small town most of the buildings have lights on which symbolize life inRead MorePablo Picasso Cubism Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pagestrees are displayed next to a high and slim building. â€Å"When we discovered Cubism, we did not have the aim of discoveri ng cubism. We only wanted to express what was in us†. – Pablo Picasso. The sky has a tone of darkness coming from the left and as it slowly travels to the right, the tones of the sky gets lighter. . â€Å"When we discovered Cubism, we did not have the aim of discovering cubism. We only wanted to express what was in us†. – Pablo Picasso. CUBISM: PABLO PICASSO’S ARTWORK CUBISM: Read MoreAnalysis Of Bamboo In A Spring Thunderstorm1151 Words   |  5 Pagesleft hand-side to right hand-side. The bamboos in this painting, looks not only high, but also the spirit of selfless dedication. If we stand under at its feet, we are like a little ant. Looked up at the bamboo, it is tall and thin, straight into the sky, and seems to be a giant. Its tiny leaves, one by one standing on the branches, that little leaf like a knife inserted in it. The bamboo is not afraid of pain. The style of the bamboos fluttering in the wind, and full of dynamic. From this paintingRead MoreStarry Night By Vincent Van Gogh990 Words   |  4 Pagesthe colors may be mellow and cool, but they are all very unique and different in their own ways. Van Gogh uses the actual stars in Starry Night to create a stark contrast to the rest of the scene. The stars shine bright yellow and orange in the night sky, drawing the viewers gaze and attention. Yet at the same time there is an ominous black object in the foreground of the painting, the object is said to be a cypress tree but it is no less interpreted for its possible deeper meanings. The painting usesRead MoreThe Spectacular Baptism Of Christ1744 Words   |  7 Pagescreated this painting. The painting has a description of what seems to look like a half-naked person who is surrounded by what looks like a body of water and has another person pouring some type of liquid on top of his head. This image is the center importance of the peace because it’s what’s closer to the audience and doesn’t fade into the background. It looks like the main focus of this painting is literally in the center of the piece. Anyone that were to ever view this painting could tell from theRead More Inevitability of Change in Stephen Cranes The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky1056 Words   |  5 PagesInevitability of Change in Stephen Cranes The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky Humans are creatures of habit. In his work The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky, Stephen Crane considers this apparent truism as well as its sometimes unfortunate consequences. In the story, Scratchy Wilson and Jack Potter face a dramatically changing society. Although their actions and emotions concerning the changes in their town differ, Scratchy and Potter are both very fearful of the inescapable easternizing influencesRead MoreComparing The Greek, Chinese, And The Christian Stories1738 Words   |  7 Pagesday he emerged from the cosmic egg and began creating the world, the cosmic egg is a common concept that indicates of the universe. He pushed the egg apart and thereby splitting the yin and yang, creating the Earth (yin, which means murky) and the Sky (yang, which means clear) (Pangu and the Chinese Creation Story). When Pan Gu died, parts of his body were turned into different features of the universe (Pan Gu). This is the creation story for the Chinese. The Christian creation story is differentRead MoreAnalysis Of Vanilla Sky705 Words   |  3 Pages Vanilla Sky I have selected to do my media critique paper on a film called Vanilla Sky. Vanilla Sky is a film directed by Cameron Crowe. It is the English version of Alejandro Amenà ¡bars Spanish film called Open Your Eyes. The film has been described as an odd mixture of hard strong emotion, romance and a twist of science fiction. The film starring Vanilla Sky Tom Cruise, Penelope Cruz, and Cameron Diaz with Jason Lee and Kurt RussellRead MorePristine Contentment Essay590 Words   |  3 Pagesindifference. She is reborn, starts anew and creates a new life for herself. Ehrlich even cut her hair and buys new clothes to create a quot;newquot; and different person. To read and understand this essay means looking deeper into the authors story of rebirth, and how the big Wyoming skies were healing and put things into perspective for her. Thus, improving her quality of life without any fillers or distractions. Ehrlichs purpose for being in Wyoming, is best described in the quote, quot;I

Malcolm Xs Strategies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 973 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Malcolm X Essay Did you like this example? Malcolm X was civil rights activist, born in Omaha Nebraska in 1925. He wrote many essays to inform citizens in the United States of the struggles and difficulties that African Americans face while simply attempting to get an education. He also wanted to persuade African Americans to take action in the civil rights movement. In this essay, I will be exploring Malcolm Xs article Learning to Read looking more deeply into techniques and strategies like pathos, ethos, logos, and tone used in writing that helped convey his message. Malcolm X wanted to stress the importance, especially to African Americans, of reading and writing. He states that In the streets, I had been the most articulate hustler out there- I had commanded attention when I said something. But now, trying to write simple English, I not only wasnt eloquent, I wasnt even functional (Malcolm 107). When Malcolm was only in the eighth grade he became involved in organized crime and could not read or write. When is prison he changed his life for the better. He dedicated his time and energy teaching himself to read and write. He made an important point that it doesnt matter how weak your rhetoric skills are you can always advance them. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Malcolm Xs Strategies" essay for you Create order Malcolm X uses many rhetoric devices, but one that is very evident is his use of tone. Tone is established when one puts the language together. The first part of the language is punctuation. Malcolms uses dashes to help support his point. An example of when he uses dashes is when he says that between Mr. Muhammads teaching. My correspondence, my visitors usually Ella and Reginald-and my reading books.. (Malcolm 108). This dash emphasizes the words reading books and the importance behind them. Another factor that contributes to the language is his use of quotation marks. For example, when he talks about skin game he puts quotation marks around the phrase because he wants to stress the significance of the tension happening in the United Nations through sarcasm with quotation marks (Malcolm 113). The next factor in language is when Malcolm uses italicized words. He says how is a black man going to get civil rights before first he wins human rights (Malcolm 114). The italicized word imme diately catches the readers eye. In this specific example, he italicize human to show how ridiculous it is that people believe if they give people equality based on skin color it will somehow make up for the loss of their human rights, to be treated with respect. Although the tone in the essay changes multiple times throughout the essay from anger to passive to formal, I believe the overall tone is passion. In Malcolm Xs essay Learning to Read he uses pathos, ethos, and logos to make his argument stronger by persuading the reader. The main point he is trying to make is that formal education is good but not needed because you can become educated through other options. He says that the most important rhetoric skill to advance you in society is reading, writing and persuasive speaking. Malcolm taught himself to read and write in prison by asking for a dictionary, paper and something to write with. Next, he copied down every single word in the entire dictionary. When talking about the process he says I woke up the next morning, thinking about those words-immensely proud to realize that not only had I written so much at one time, but Id written words that I never knew were in the world. Moreover, with little effort, I also could remember what many of these words meant (Malcolm 108). He uses logos by explaining his advancement to his readers by saying I suppose it was inevitable that as ny wo rd-base broaden, I could for the first time pick up a book and read and now begin to understand what the book is saying (Malcolm 108). Another techniques he uses is pathos, by explaining how reading has been very beneficial by saying I knew right there in prison that reading had changed forever the course of my life. As I see it today, the ability to read awoke inside me some long dormant craving to be mentally alive (Malcolm 113). This helps establish a connection between him and his audience emotionally. Another key part of pathos is using high vocabulary, like Malcolm X does. When he gets to a subject he feels extremely passionate about, he uses words that represent the emotion he feels. Again helping readers connect to the piece. Malcolm proves his credibility by stating that he was contacted by an English journalist from London. The journalist asks him about his experiences and asks about Malcolms alma mater. He responds that his alma mater was books (Malcolm 113). The signifi cance of the interview between the two, is proving that Malcolm sounds intelligence, so the journalist makes the assumption he went to college. This helps prove his point that even if you arent a college graduate you can still make a difference in society. In Malcolm Xs essay Learning to Read he persuades his audience to support his beliefs and ideas by the use of rhetorical strategies. His argument is supported through logos, pathos, ethos and tone. At the start of the essay Malcolm X was a drop out and imprisoned, but with motivation and dedication he has changed his life completely. He argued that his studies in prison are more valuable than a college degree. Malcolm X was so angered by the inequality toward African Americans he established an organization. He demonstrates his rhetoric skills that he acquired in his prison studies to become a very well respected and intelligent civil rights activist in the world. Malcolm X uses his rhetoric style in his autobiography to express his thoughts and beliefs about education and inequality, and the style he uses is why this essay is still very popular today.